Theorie: Bordwell and Tompson Categories of editing

They mainly focusd on Continuity Editing.

They noticed how the shots could link in different ways and identified 4 different similarities between shots in the editing: -

Graphic: -

The transitions between shots can be linked graphically due to their "Pictorial qualities".

These include -
Patterns of Light and Dark,shape, volume & depth, movement and stasis,

Graphic Match (Linkage of shots by Graphic Similarities)

Graphic Continuity (Centre of interest is constant through out cuts, maintaining lighting level and avoiding strong colour clashes).

Graphic Discontinuity (the complet opposite to Graphic Continuity).

These can be used to create either smooth continuity or abrupt contrast.

Spatial: -

This is based around film space (setting, location) & the relation between the audience and what is happening on screen but also the manipulation of different points through similarity, difference and development.

And this can be used through the use of -

Continuity editing produces analytical space through the use of an establishing shot followed by a sertise of smaller posibily mid shots. 

The Frequency of events in continuity editing tend to only be shown once.

The ‘Kuleshov effect’ (due to the fact that there's no establishing shot) leads to the inference of a single location, they then develop a spatial whole based on only seeing portions of the area. The audience will then feel a connective relationship between shots or and will develop spatial coexistence between what they see and the action that is going on in front of them.    

Crosscutting or parallel editing can emphasis action taking place in separate places within the same drama.

Temporal: -

Concerns time of action and contributes to the plots manipulation of story time – order, duration and frequency.

The Order in whcih you present events can be manipulated for instance changes in story/plot (relations which interrupt order).

For instance flashbacks (to past events) increases story knowledge and flash forwards (to future events) creating enigma .

Duration of story events within the plot can be altered with the use of ellipsis which is a term that refers to periods of time that have been left out of the narrative.(this presents action in less screen time than within the story).

May also include: -

Punctuation - for a shot change shot change for instance dissolve, wipe & fade are all signs of omission of time.

Empty frames e.g. figure of interest seen moving out of a frame, cuts to empty frame where figure moves into it.

Cutaway for example a shot of another event elsewhere that does not last as long as the omitted action.

Rythmic: -

Considers duration of shots – the length of each in relation and its pattern involving accent, beat and tempo. Specific emphasis on particular shots giving different effects.

For instance -

All shots the same approx length = Steady metrical beat.   

Steadily lengthening shots = Gradually slowing tempo (leads to resolution or can build tension).   

Successively shorter shots = Accelerating tempo (builds excitement).  

Longer shots = Greater time for audience reflection.   

Rapid series of shots = Little time for thought.